OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine the relationships between meteorological factors and the incidence of scarlet fever in different populations for scientific prevention strategies. STUDY DESIGN: An ecological study was conducted. METHODS: The seasonal index was used to detect the seasonal pattern of scarlet fever. A generalized additive model was conducted to estimate the impact of meteorological factors on scarlet fever in different age groups in Jiangsu province. RESULTS: Among the 15,873 cases, the vast majority of cases (91.84%) occurred in the population between 3 and 14 years old, with an average annual incidence rate of 14.51 per 100,000, and 2.81 per 100,000 in the age group