The burden of disease caused by ambient high temperature has become a public health concern, but the associations between high temperature and hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) remain indistinct. We used distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) to estimate the burden of disease attribute to high temperature, adjusting for long-term trend and weather confounders. Total 18,167,455 cases were reported in 31 Chinese provinces, the incidence of HFMD showed a gradually increasing trend from 2008 to 2017 in China. Minimum morbidity temperature (MMT) was mainly concentrated at 17 to 23 °C in ≤ 5 years old group, 18 to 25 °C in 6 ~ 10 years old group and 19 to 27 °C in > 10 years old group. The greatest relative risk (RR) in age group ≤ 5 years old was 2.06 (95% CI: 1.85 ~ 2.30) in Heilongjiang, and the lowest RR was 1.02 (95% CI: 1.00 ~ 1.05) in Guangdong; the greatest RR in age group 6 ~ 10 years old was 2.24 (95% CI: 1.72 ~ 2.91) in Guizhou, and the lowest RR was 1.01 (95% CI: 0.97 ~ 1.12) in Tianjin; the greatest RR in the age group > 10 years old was 2.53 (95% CI: 1.66 ~ 3.87) in Heilongjiang, and the lowest RR was 1.02 (95% CI: 0.71 ~ 1.46) in Henan. We found the positive association between high temperature and HFMD in China.