Previous studies have suggested an increased risk of ischemic heart disease related to air pollution. This study aimed to explore both the short-term and long-term effects of air pollutants on the risk of ischemic heart disease after adjusting for meteorological factors. The Korean National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening Cohort from 2002 to 2013 was used. Overall, 2155 participants with ischemic heart disease and 8620 control participants were analyzed. The meteorological data and air pollution data, including SO(2) (ppm), NO(2) (ppm), O(3) (ppm), CO (ppm), and particulate matter (PM)(10) (μg/m(3)), were analyzed using conditional logistic regression. Subgroup analyses were performed according to age, sex, income, and region of residence. One-month exposure to SO(2) was related to 1.36-fold higher odds for ischemic heart disease (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.06-1.75). One-year exposure to SO(2), O(3), and PM(10) was associated with 1.58- (95% CI 1.01-2.47), 1.53- (95% CI 1.27-1.84), and 1.14 (95% CI 1.02-1.26)-fold higher odds for ischemic heart disease. In subgroup analyses, the ≥ 60-year-old group, men, individuals with low income, and urban groups demonstrated higher odds associated with 1-month exposure to SO(2). Short-term exposure to SO(2) and long-term exposure to SO(2,) O(3), and PM(10) were related to ischemic heart disease.