At least 242 million students in 85 countries had their schooling disrupted by extreme climate events in 2024, including heat waves, tropical cyclones, storms, floods, and droughts, exacerbating an existing learning crisis, according to a new UNICEF analysis released on Jan. 24, 2025.

Learning Interrupted: Global Snapshot of Climate-Related School Disruptions in 2024 examines climate hazards that resulted in either school closures or the significant interruption of school timetables and the subsequent impact on children from pre-primary to upper secondary level. (Read the report.)

Rising temperatures, storms, floods, and other climate hazards can damage school infrastructure and supplies, hamper routes to school, lead to unsafe learning conditions, and impact students’ concentration, memory, and mental and physical health.

In fragile contexts, prolonged school closures make it less likely for students to return to the classroom and place them at heightened risk of child marriage and child labor. Evidence shows that girls are often disproportionately affected, facing increased risks of dropping out of school and gender-based violence during and after disasters.

Globally, education systems were already failing millions of children. A lack of trained teachers, overcrowded classrooms, and differences in the quality of – and access to – education have long been creating a learning crisis that climate hazards are exacerbating.

Related: How UNICEF Is Addressing the Global Climate Emergency

Heat waves biggest culprit

Heat waves were the predominant climate hazard shuttering schools last year, with over 118 million students affected in April alone, according to the data.

Bangladesh and the Philippines experienced widespread school closures in April, while Cambodia shortened the school day by two hours. In May, temperatures spiked to 116 degrees Fahrenheit in parts of South Asia, placing children at risk of heat stroke.

Children are more vulnerable to the impacts of weather-related crises than adults, and uniquely so. They heat up faster, they sweat less efficiently, and cool down more slowly than adults, UNICEF Executive Director Catherine Russell pointed out.

“Children cannot concentrate in classrooms that offer no respite from sweltering heat, and they cannot get to school if the path is flooded, or if schools are washed away,” Russell said.

Related: How to Keep Kids Safe and Healthy During a Heat Wave

In 2024, extreme weather kept 1 in 7 students out of class, she noted, “threatening their health and safety, and impacting their long-term education.”

Some countries experienced multiple climate hazards. Afghanistan, in addition to extreme heat, experienced severe flooding in May that damaged or destroyed over 110 schools, disrupting education for thousands of students.

The most frequent climate-induced disruptions occurred in September, the start of the school year in many parts of the world. At least 16 countries were forced by extreme weather events to suspend classes at this critical academic point. Typhoon Yagi, for one, impacted 16 million children in East Asia and the Pacific.

Other key points from the analysis:

• South Asia was the most affected region, with 128 million students facing climate-related school disruptions last year
• in East Asia and the Pacific, 50 million students’ schooling was affected
• El Niño continued to have a devastating impact on Africa, with frequent heavy rainfall and floods in East Africa, and severe drought in parts of Southern Africa
• 74 percent of affected students last year were in low- and lower-middle income countries, but no region was spared; torrential rains and floods hit Italy in September, disrupting schooling for over 900,000 students as well as Spain in October, halting classes for 13,000 children
• schools and education systems are largely ill-equipped to protect students from these impacts, as climate-centered finance investments in education remain strikingly low, and global data on school disruptions due to climate hazards is limited

UNICEF works with governments and partners to support the modification and construction of climate-resilient classrooms to protect children from severe weather.

In Mozambique, for example, children are being repeatedly impacted by cyclones, with the country hit by Cyclone Chido and Cyclone Dikeledi in the past two months alone, affecting 150,000 students. In response, UNICEF has supported the building of over 1,150 climate-resilient classrooms in nearly 230 schools in the country.

In November, UNICEF warned in its State of the World’s Children report that climate crises are expected to become more widespread between 2050 and 2059, with eight times as many children exposed to extreme heat waves, and three times as many exposed to extreme river floods, compared to the 2000s.

Related: State of the World’s Children 2024: The Future of Childhood in a Changing World

A call to action to protect children from climate impacts

UNICEF is calling on world leaders and the private sector to act urgently to protect children from increasing climate impacts by:

• ensuring national climate plans – including Nationally Determined Contributions and National Adaptation Plans – strengthen child-critical social services, such as education, to be more climate smart and disaster resilient, and contain adequate emission reduction pledges to prevent the worst impacts of climate change
• investing in disaster-resilient and climate-smart learning facilities for safer learning
• accelerating financing to improve climate resiliency in the education sector, including investing in proven and promising solutions
• explicitly integrating climate change education and child-responsive commitments across the board

“Education is one of the services most frequently disrupted due to climate hazards, yet it is often overlooked in policy discussions, despite its role in preparing children for climate adaptation,” Russell said.

“Children’s futures must be at the forefront of all climate related plans and actions.”