In recent years, the increase in globalization, the rise in the average temperature of the earth together with an increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, as storms, floods and droughts, and the environmental changes induced by human activities, have raised the concern about the possible introduction or reintroduction of Vector Borne Diseases in Countries where these were absent or eradicated. These considerations, coupled with the recent spread of some mosquito vector borne diseases in Europe and the increasing number of imported malaria cases recorded in the Continent have renewed interest in the possible reintroduction of malaria in Southern Europe, particularly in the countries facing the Western Mediterranean Basin, where potential Anopheline vectors are still present. Moreover, in recent years autochthonous malaria cases have been sporadically reported in Italy, France, Spain and Greece.