Climate change and its impact on population health have been well explored in China in recent years, especially health risk assessments such as studying its impact on the transmission and development of climate-sensitive infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases. However, knowledge gaps including using morbidity as health indicators (e.g. hospitalisations, ED visits, and ambulance call-outs), identifying disease attributable contributions to climate variability and burden of diseases due to climate change, calculating related healthcare costs, and developing climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies need to be addressed. Future research directions could focus on both mitigation and health adaptation studies, such as exploring active transportation and green hospitals, studying health co-benefits, identifying vulnerable populations, prioritizing resource allocation, building healthcare capacity and capability, evaluating intervention effect, developing tailored risk communication strategies and community health education packages for vulnerable communities in the context of climate change.