BACKGROUND: Extreme temperatures are associated with the risk of preterm birth (PTB), but evidence on the effects of different clinical subtypes and across different regions is limited. We aimed to evaluate the effects of maternal exposure to extreme temperature on PTB and its clinical subtypes in China, and to identify effect modification of regional factors in dimensions of population, economy, medical resources and environmental factors. METHODS: This was a prospective population-based cohort of 210,798 singleton live births from 16 counties in eight provinces across China during 2014-2018. We used an extended Cox regression with time-varying variables to evaluate the effects of extreme heat and cold on PTB and its subtypes in the entire pregnancy, each trimester, the last gestational month and week. Meta-analysis and meta-regression were conducted to estimate the pooled effects of each city and effect modification by regional characteristics. FINDINGS: Exposure to heat and cold during the entire pregnancy significantly increased the risk of PTB. The effects varied with subtypes, for medically indicated and spontaneous PTB, hazard ratios were 1·84 (95% CI: 1·29, 2·61) and 1·50 (95% CI: 1·11, 2·02) for heat, 2·18 (95% CI: 1·83, 2·60) and 2·15 (95% CI: 1·92, 2·41) for cold. The associations were stronger for PTB less than 35 weeks than those during weeks 35-36. The effects varied across locations, and GDP per capita (β=-0·16) and hospital beds per 1000 persons (β=-0·25) were protective factors for the effects. INTERPRETATION: Extreme temperature can increase the risk of medically indicated and spontaneous PTB, and higher regional socio-economic status may moderate such effects. In the context of climate change, such findings may have important implications for protecting the health of vulnerable groups, especially newborns. FUNDING: National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFA0606200), National Natural Science Foundation of China (42175183), Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA20030302), National Natural Science Foundation of China (42071377).