The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of exposure to meteorological conditions, including air pollution, on thyroid cancer. A nested case-control study was conducted utilizing 4632 patients with thyroid cancer and 18,528 control subjects who were matched at a 1:4 ratio by age group, sex, income, and region of residence. Korean National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening Cohort data from 2002 to 2015 were used. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for thyroid cancer correlated with meteorological and air pollution exposure over a moving average of 3 years before the index dates. For all participants, the adjusted ORs associated with relative humidity (1.01, 95% CI 1.00-1.03, P value = 0.023), ambient atmospheric pressure (1.02, 95% CI 1.01-1.03, P value < 0.001), and sunshine duration (1.17, 95% CI 1.04-1.31, P value = 0.007) indicated correlations with the occurrence of thyroid cancer; however, these results were inconsistent in the subgroup analyses. Overall, exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) (1.33, 95% CI 1.24-1.43, P value < 0.001) and particulate matter (PM(10)) (0.64, 95% CI 0.60-0.69, P value < 0.001) were related to thyroid cancer. These relationships persisted in the subgroup analyses. In conclusion, thyroid cancer occurrence was positively associated with NO(2) exposure and negatively associated with PM(10) exposure.