This report uses the Key Type Measure classification, which changes the focus
from hazard-specific approaches to approaches that emphasise the importance of building overall resilience. Ideally, this can result in a society able to withstand the impacts of multi-hazard events and other potential economic or political shocks. The classification can also be used to facilitate the reporting and monitoring of progress on adaptation actions. Physical and technological measures are the most frequently reported actions taken by cities across Europe, followed by nature-based solutions and governance measures. However, the interconnectedness between different adaptation measures is especially important, and they usually need to be used in combination to maximise the effectiveness of any specific adaptation initiative. This is not only because limited financial resources need to be used to address as many challenges as possible, but also because in any one activity there are social, natural, technological and financial dimensions that interact.