Energy affordability and climatic variability are associated to human health and this study investigates their impacts on public health for Cyprus, an eastern Mediterranean island afflicted by extreme summer heat and cold winters, especially in the Troodos mountains. Energy poverty indicators are computed through statistical analysis of mortality data and household consumption information, the latter collected through a tailored survey. Results show that almost half of the survey participants spend large proportions of their incomes towards essential energy services. Moreover, ambient temperature is significantly linked to mortality, with a 20-fold higher risk of death in winter and a major shift in mortality noticed around 2013, following a severe financial crisis which exposed rural populations to a higher mortality risk.