With the expectation of increasing frequency and magnitude of extreme events caused by climate change, one of the most critical yet overlooked aspects of building design in the industry is thermal resilience. An effective way to assess and quantify a building's resilience in the design phase is through modeling and simulation; however, there has been limited effort invested in operationalizing this practice. The purpose of this paper is to provide a critical review of past modeling and simulation research focused on quantifying the thermal resilience of buildings, and to discuss future areas of research that are needed to enhance and standardize practice, as well as building codes and standards. The paper begins by defining a framework for building performance simulationaided resilience quantification. Next, we review the current state of the art research on a variety of topics such as heat stress and resilience metrics, model assumptions and setup, simulation tool capabilities, weather file type selection, and methods to visualize and communicate resilience. Finally, a discussion on the fundamental research and future tool development needs to accelerate transition from research into practice is presented.