As global mean temperatures rise and extreme climate and weather events increase in frequency and intensity, the severity of the climate situation and its potential impacts on human well-being - particularly of the world's most vulnerable populations - strikingly evident. Research and policy responses to address climate change are required to meet U.S. targets set for the coming decades, which include a reduction of 50 to 52 percent of greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 and net-zero emissions by 2050. In coordination with other activities on climate, energy, and environmental and human health across the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, the Government-University-Industry Research Roundtable convened a series of five workshops in June and July of 2021 to discuss opportunities for enhancing U.S. scientific and technological approaches to climate research and policy through cross-sector collaboration and partnerships, and to examine the impacts of climate policy on economic development, inequality, and international competitiveness. This document summarizes the presentations and discussions at the five workshops.